Guidlines for Choosing Mutual Funds We live in a world where a seemingly infinite amount of information is available to just about everyone. Financial facts, figures and charts once available only to professional fund managers are now at the fingertips of individual investors. Now they can buy and sell stocks and mutual funds to their hearts' content over the internet. The information age has truly transformed the world of investing.
Today, investors are bombarded on all sides by investment information- whether they want it or not. Complex quantitative analysis, real-time stock quotes and the likes are available for subscription. Yet this barrage of information has not necessarily translated into better returns. Our world may or may not be any more complex than it has ever been, but we certainly have made the investment process more complicated. So what are we to do?
This is where Money & Wealth comes in. In this particular issue we are pleased to introduce to you for the first time simple guidelines for choosing mutual funds. The great paradox of this remarkable age is that the more complex the world around us becomes, the more simplicity we must seek in order to realize our financial goals. Furthermore, being an independent publication, the information and guidelines given out by us are impartial and derived from the Association of Investment Management Companies (AIMC), where the data has been "verified" by its members. The investment choices now offered by mutual funds are varied and many. So here are 12 simple rules that should help you to make intelligent fund selections for your investment plan.
Rule 1: Types of Funds
. The choice is yours
When searching for mutual funds you are going to run into all sorts of names and categories. They are usually pretty broad given that there are now over 500 funds in 12 categories to choose from and they don't always live up to their names but at least they give you an idea of what you are getting into. Here are some of the most common categories: (Appendix 1) ตาราง ประเภทของกองทุนรวม (1)
Rule 2: Choose funds that suit your needs
For nearly all investors, the principal types of mutual funds boil down to equity funds that invest in common stocks (for maximum total return), fixed income funds that invest in debt instruments (for reasonable income), and money market funds that invest in short-term notes (for stability of principal). Each differs in risk: equity funds are the most volatile, fixed income funds are less so and money market funds yield the lowest return but the least risky. Which fund you go for really depends on your risk/return preferences, investment horizon and asset allocation plan.
Rule 3: Beware of past performance
The first element that catches the eye of most investors, whether experienced or novice, is the fund's past performance or "track record". The same analogy may be applied to horse racing but past performance, although useful, can be misleading in appraising how fund managers will perform. As a rule of thumb, funds with past relative returns that have been substantially superior to the returns of an appropriate market index will regress toward and usually below, the market mean over time. This is because in order to achieve exceptional return, one has to take on higher risk. We've all heard the phrase "If it's too good to be true, it probably is." before and when it comes to appraising mutual funds, the same advice still holds true.
Rule 4: Look for consistency over the long-term.
An old Thai proverb "Distance proves a race horse and time proves a man" comes in very handy when examining a fund's performance. One should look at its long-term record (at least 3 years and preferably 5 years) versus that of its peers. Moreover, it is important to compare funds within the same category i.e. equity funds with equity funds and not fixed income funds because they have different investment objectives and risk profiles.
Money & Wealth's own "Stars Rating" for mutual funds makes these comparison easy. For more details please look at Appendix 2.
Rule 5: Beware of tempting yields and credit risk !!!!
This advice is critical when assessing fixed income funds especially where Thai bond market is still in its infancy and poor liquidity often causes market prices to be highly imperfect and volatile. Fund companies know that investors focus on stability and high yields. So some do everything they can to pump up yields by sacrificing liquidity and lower credit risk to include derivative instruments with dubious names and virtually no liquidity into their portfolios.
These ploys to boost yields may or may not pay off, but they all involve risks that are difficult to evaluate. If you see a fixed income fund that has a much higher yields than funds with similar maturities, you should at least ask to see what's inside its portfolio before investing.
Rule 6: Look carefully at maturities & liquidity !!!
Over the past few years, long-term fixed income funds have provided the highest returns. But this may not always be the case, especially when interest rates move against you. In fact fixed income funds with longer maturities can be highly volatile. If interest rates rise just one percent, a long-term fund can drop 10% or more, wiping out more than a year's interest.
That may be fine if you are investing for a long-term and can tolerate short term volatility. But if you are investing for shorter periods-10 years or less, then you are better off with funds with shorter maturities. You can typically get 75% to 80% of the return of long-term funds, while incurring roughly 40% less volatility.
The other very important point that one should be aware of is liquidity. Since the vast majority of fixed income funds being offered to the public are open-ended; whereby investors can get in and out of the funds on a daily basis without any front or back-end fees, however, the assets in these funds are not that liquid. Therefore, there is a "mismatch" between the structure of the funds and the underlying assets. Under normal circumstances, fund managers should not have any problems in managing liquidity of the funds but when there is volatility in the bond market, for whatever reasons, the task becomes much harder and the funds can easily run into liquidity problems in order to meet daily redemptions. Moreover, the tools available to manage liquidity such as repurchase agreements or REPOs are not permitted at present, which means that fund managers have very limited options in dealing with unexpected volatility. Therefore, if you want to invest in a long-term fixed income, it is better and safer to go for funds with interval redemptions or even closed-end funds rather than open funds.
Rule 7: Consider investment styles.
To many of you, all mutual funds look the same from the outside. They are governed by the same rules and restrictions, have very similar portfolios but looks can be deceiving. Like you and me, fund managers have different investment "styles". Some are more aggressive than others, while some are good at value investing the others may be good at trading. One way to analyze investment styles is to look at risk measures:
Beta measures how much a fund's value jumps around in relation to changes in the value of the market benchmark such as the SET Index, which by definition has a beta of 1.0 An equity fund with a beta of 1.20 is 20% more volatile than the SET Index- that is, for every move in the SET Index, the fund will move 20% more in either direction.
Standard deviation tells you how much a fund fluctuates from its own average returns. A standard deviation of 10 means the fund's monthly returns usually fall within 10% of their average. The higher the standard deviation, the more volatile the fund.
Worst quarter is a very straight forward measure of risk; it shows the fund's worst quarterly return on record, giving you a feel of what to brace yourself for.
These risk measurements will give you a pretty good insights into the different investment styles of various fund managers. Although, the information may not be readily available but all good asset management companies should be able to provide such information to you upon request. In the near future, the AIMC will also provide "risk-adjusted" returns numbers to the general public. Rule 8: Beware of asset size. When investing in a mutual fund, asset size can have an impact on performance. What constitutes "too big" or "too small" is a complex issue. A fund which has less than Baht 100 million in asset is considered to be too small to be economical when all expenses are taken into account. At the other extreme end, any funds with more than Baht 15 billion in asset may be considered to be too cumbersome relative to the size of Thai financial markets. This is particularly true in the current environment where good quality issuers are hard to come by.
Rule 9: Look for hidden expenses.
Fund expenses directly reduce your returns, so cost does matter. On average, actively managed equity funds charge an annual management fee of around 1-1.5% of the fund's net asset value (NAV) while passive index funds charge less than 0.75%. Fixed income funds, on the other hand, have lower fees ranging between 0.5-0.75% per annum.
In addition to the annual management fees, one should also look at the total expense ratio (TER) where all expenses are included. However, it is worth pointing out the "hidden costs" that funds incur in buying and selling portfolio securities. So pay particular attention to the fund's "portfolio turnover ratio". It will give you a pretty good indication on how many times the underlying securities have been turned over and whether there is any excessive "churning". An average portfolio turnover ratio of less than 100% is considered to be the norm.
Rule 10: Who's managing my money?
This is a question worth asking. After all you are putting a lot of faith in the person who is going to be looking after your hard earned money, so it is worth asking who he or she is. However, certain fund houses manage money on a committee basis; whereby money is managed collectively by a group of managers and not by individuals. Nonetheless, all fund managers must be licensed by the SEC and must indicate which funds they are responsible for. The sorts of questions you should be asking are: how long has he/she been managing the fund(s), what kind of qualifications do they have etc. Fund managers with CFA (Certified Financial Analyst) qualification tend to be held in higher esteem than those without.
Rule 11: Don't own too much funds. A recent study by Morningstar Mutual Funds-in the US, concluded that owning more than 4 randomly chosen equity funds didn't reduce risk appreciably (See chart below). In the case of Thai funds, no meaningful study has been conducted but the trends should be more or less the same as in the US. It is generally unnecessary to go beyond 4-5 equity funds to achieve optimal diversification. A good mix would be to own an index fund with 2-3 actively managed funds.
Rule 12: Invest for the long term.
Once you have identified your long-term objectives, defined your tolerance for risk and carefully selected your mix of index funds and actively managed funds that meet your goals, just sit back, relax and let the fund managers do the hard work for a change.
Complicating the investment process merely clutters the mind, too often bringing out irrational emotion into a financial plan. Investors' emotions such as greed, fear, exuberance and hope - if translated into rash actions-can be every bit as destructive to investment performance as inferior market returns.
One of the most important advice I can give you is to invest for the long term. After all "Rome wasn't built in one day", the same also applies to your investments. Last but not least
you don't have to be wealthy to be an investor but you have to be an investor to be wealthy.
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